Réalisation d'un capteur de niveau d'eau pour un puits : Différence entre versions

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Ligne 21 : Ligne 21 :
 
[[Fichier:MPX4250_2.JPG|thumb|center|alt=Capteur soudé]]
 
[[Fichier:MPX4250_2.JPG|thumb|center|alt=Capteur soudé]]
  
Ensuite nous allons placer le tout dans un tube PVC de 12mm et noyer le circuit dans de la colle epoxy
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Ensuite nous allons placer le tout dans un tube PVC de diamêtre interne 14mm et noyer le circuit dans de la colle epoxy. Il est conseillé d'utiliser de l'epoxy lente avec un temps de prise de plusieurs heures et de vérifier l'absence de poche d'air dans le tube PVC lors du remplissage. On obtient alors un ensemble ci-dessous.
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[[Fichier:MPX4250_3.JPG|thumb|center|alt=Capteur moulé]]

Version du 3 octobre 2011 à 21:02

L'objectif est de pouvoir mesurer régulièrement le niveau d'eau dans un puits pour suivre son évolution, et à terme de pouvoir le faire de façon automatique. La solution initiale était d'utiliser un double décamètre auquel était suspendu un poids. Cela devient vite contraignant si l'on souhaite faire une mesure par jour. L'utilisation d'un capteur installé de façon permanente s'impose donc rapidement. Je suis donc parti à la recherche d'un capteur qui permettrait de convertir le niveau d'eau en signal électrique. J'ai envisagé :

  1. un capteur à ultrason qui mesurerait la distance entre le haut du puits et la surface de l'eau. je n'ai rien trouvé de simple, peu couteux et facile à mettre en Œuvre.
  2. des capteurs de conductivité à installer sur toute la hauteur du puits : cela risque d'être sensible, à l'humidité ambiante, aux dépots sur la sonde, à l'oxydation des contacts et de ne pas être fiable dans le temps.
  3. une mesure par un capteur de pression placé dans le fond du puits : cette solution semble prometteuse puisqu'on trouve déjà des capteurs industriels prêts à poser (pour plusieurs centaines d'euros) mais aussi de nombreux composants électroniques permettant de mesurer une pression.

Après quelques recherche j'ai identifié un capteur de pression de chez Freescale (ex Motorola) portant la référence MPX4250. Vous pouvez consulter sa datasheet

Ses avantages sont :

  • mesure d'une pression absolue (avoir une référence de pression au fond du puits est délicat)
  • une alimentation 5V suffit
  • gamme de pression de 0 à 2,5 bar. une fois enlevée la pression atmosphérique ( 1,013 bar en moyenne) il reste une plage d'environ 1,5 bar soit une plage de mesure de hauteur d'eau d'environ 15 m
Photo du capteur

Mise en oeuvre

Le capteur est destiné à être placé au fond du puits, en étant soumis à la pression de l'eau. Il faut cependant éviter que les contacts électriques soient au contact de l'eau et aussi la membrane de mesure de pression.

Afin d'avoir un capteur aussi petit que possible, il faut commencer par couper ses "oreilles" de fixation.

Ensuite on utilise un câble de 20 m 4 conducteurs que l'on soude sur les broches du capteurs. 2 fils sont utilisés pour l'alimentation 0V (broche 2), +5V (broche 3), les 2 autres pour la mesure 0V (broche2) et Vout (broche 1). Les autres broches sont inutilisées et laissées en l'air. On en profite pour souder des capacités de découplage comme indiqué dans la datasheet. On obtient quelque chose qui ressemble à la photo ci-joint. Notez le petit tuyeau (style tuyeau d'aquarium) connecté sur la prise de pression.

Capteur soudé

Ensuite nous allons placer le tout dans un tube PVC de diamêtre interne 14mm et noyer le circuit dans de la colle epoxy. Il est conseillé d'utiliser de l'epoxy lente avec un temps de prise de plusieurs heures et de vérifier l'absence de poche d'air dans le tube PVC lors du remplissage. On obtient alors un ensemble ci-dessous.

Capteur moulé